前言

Model Context Protocol (MCP) 是一个标准化协议,让 AI 客户端(如 Claude、ChatGPT 等)能够通过统一的接口调用你的 API。本文将详细介绍如何在 ASP.NET Core WebApi 项目中集成 MCP 支持,实现 AI 与你的服务无缝对接。

什么是 MCP?

MCP(Model Context Protocol)是一个开放协议,旨在标准化 AI 应用与外部工具、数据源之间的通信方式。通过 MCP,你的 API 可以:

  • 被 AI 助手自动发现和调用
  • 提供标准化的工具描述和参数定义
  • 支持多种传输模式(HTTP、Stdio)
  • 实现安全的认证和授权

核心特性

本项目实现了以下功能:

  • 使用官方 ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore SDK
  • 通过 [McpServerTool] 特性快速定义工具
  • 自动参数绑定和 JSON Schema 生成
  • 支持 HTTP 和 Stdio 双传输模式
  • 基于 Token 的认证和授权
  • 与现有 WebApi 完美共存

快速开始

第一步:安装 NuGet 包

dotnet add package ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore --version 0.4.0-preview.3

第二步:配置 MCP 服务

Program.cs 中添加 MCP 配置:

using ModelContextProtocol.Server;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddControllers();

// 添加 MCP 服务器(支持 HTTP 和 Stdio 双模式)
builder.Services
    .AddMcpServer(options =>
    {
        options.ServerInfo = new ModelContextProtocol.Protocol.Implementation
        {
            Name = "Weather API",
            Version = "1.0.0"
        };
    })
    .WithHttpTransport()           // HTTP 模式:用于 Web 客户端
    .WithStdioServerTransport()    // Stdio 模式:用于 Kiro IDE 等本地工具
    .WithToolsFromAssembly();

var app = builder.Build();

// 添加认证中间件(可选)
app.UseMiddleware<McpAuthenticationMiddleware>();

app.UseAuthorization();
app.MapControllers();

// 映射 MCP 端点
app.MapMcp("/mcp");

app.Run();

第三步:定义 MCP 工具

创建 Tools/WeatherTools.cs

using System.ComponentModel;
using ModelContextProtocol.Server;

[McpServerToolType]
public static class WeatherTools
{
    [McpServerTool]
    [Description("Get weather forecast for the next 5 days")]
    public static IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> GetWeatherForecast()
    {
        var rng = new Random();
        return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast
        {
            Date = DateOnly.FromDateTime(DateTime.Now.AddDays(index)),
            TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55),
            Summary = Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)]
        }).ToArray();
    }

    [McpServerTool]
    [Description("Get current weather for a specific city")]
    public static WeatherForecast GetWeatherByCity(
        [Description("The name of the city")] string city)
    {
        var rng = new Random();
        return new WeatherForecast
        {
            Date = DateOnly.FromDateTime(DateTime.Now),
            TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55),
            Summary = $"Weather in {city}: {Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)]}"
        };
    }

    private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]
    {
        "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild",
        "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"
    };
}

第四步:配置认证(可选)

appsettings.json 中配置:

{
  "McpAuth": {
    "Enabled": true,
    "ValidTokens": ["your-secret-token-here"]
  }
}

开发环境可以禁用认证(appsettings.Development.json):

{
  "McpAuth": {
    "Enabled": false
  }
}

第五步:运行和测试

dotnet run

应用启动后,可以访问:

  • Swagger UI: http://localhost:5000/swagger
  • WebApi: http://localhost:5000/weatherforecast
  • MCP 端点: http://localhost:5000/mcp

传输模式详解

HTTP 模式

适用于 Web 应用、Claude Desktop、远程访问等场景。

测试示例

# 列出所有工具
curl -X POST http://localhost:5000/mcp 
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" 
  -d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"tools/list"}'

# 调用工具
curl -X POST http://localhost:5000/mcp 
  -H "Authorization: Bearer your-secret-token-here" 
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" 
  -d '{
    "jsonrpc":"2.0",
    "id":2,
    "method":"tools/call",
    "params":{
      "name":"GetWeatherForecast",
      "arguments":{}
    }
  }'

Claude Desktop 配置

编辑配置文件(Windows: %APPDATA%Claudeclaude_desktop_config.json):

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "weather-api": {
      "url": "http://localhost:5000/mcp",
      "headers": {
        "Authorization": "Bearer your-secret-token-here"
      }
    }
  }
}

Stdio 模式

适用于 Kiro IDE、本地命令行工具等场景,无需网络端口。

Kiro IDE 配置

编辑 .kiro/settings/mcp.json

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "weather-api": {
      "command": "dotnet",
      "args": ["run", "--project", "path/to/NetCoreApiMcpDemo.csproj"],
      "env": {
        "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development"
      }
    }
  }
}

模式对比

特性HTTP 模式Stdio 模式
传输方式HTTP POST标准输入/输出
适用场景Web 应用、远程访问本地工具、IDE 集成
认证HTTP Header环境变量/配置
网络需要网络端口无需网络
性能网络开销进程间通信,更快

认证和授权

实现认证中间件

创建 Middleware/McpAuthenticationMiddleware.cs

public class McpAuthenticationMiddleware
{
    private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
    private readonly IConfiguration _configuration;
    private readonly ILogger<McpAuthenticationMiddleware> _logger;

    public McpAuthenticationMiddleware(
        RequestDelegate next,
        IConfiguration configuration,
        ILogger<McpAuthenticationMiddleware> logger)
    {
        _next = next;
        _configuration = configuration;
        _logger = logger;
    }

    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context)
    {
        // 只对 MCP 端点进行认证
        if (!context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/mcp"))
        {
            await _next(context);
            return;
        }

        // 检查是否启用认证
        var authEnabled = _configuration.GetValue<bool>("McpAuth:Enabled");
        if (!authEnabled)
        {
            await _next(context);
            return;
        }

        // 验证 Token
        var authHeader = context.Request.Headers["Authorization"].FirstOrDefault();
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(authHeader) || !authHeader.StartsWith("Bearer "))
        {
            context.Response.StatusCode = 401;
            await context.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(new { error = "Unauthorized" });
            return;
        }

        var token = authHeader.Substring("Bearer ".Length).Trim();
        var validTokens = _configuration.GetSection("McpAuth:ValidTokens").Get<string[]>();

        if (validTokens == null || !validTokens.Contains(token))
        {
            context.Response.StatusCode = 401;
            await context.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(new { error = "Invalid token" });
            return;
        }

        await _next(context);
    }
}

安全最佳实践

  1. 使用强 Token:至少 32 字符的随机字符串
  2. 定期轮换:定期更换 Token
  3. 使用 HTTPS:生产环境必须使用 HTTPS
  4. 环境隔离:开发和生产使用不同的 Token
  5. 日志安全:不要在日志中记录完整 Token

客户端集成示例

C# 客户端

using ModelContextProtocol;
using ModelContextProtocol.Client;

var transport = new HttpClientTransport(new HttpClientTransportOptions
{
    BaseUrl = new Uri("http://localhost:5000/mcp"),
    Headers = new Dictionary<string, string>
    {
        ["Authorization"] = "Bearer your-secret-token-here"
    }
});

var client = await McpClient.CreateAsync(transport);

await client.InitializeAsync(new InitializeParams
{
    ProtocolVersion = "2025-06-18",
    ClientInfo = new Implementation
    {
        Name = "MyApp",
        Version = "1.0.0"
    }
});

// 列出工具
var tools = await client.ListToolsAsync();

// 调用工具
var result = await client.CallToolAsync(
    "GetWeatherForecast",
    new Dictionary<string, object?>()
);

JavaScript/Vue 客户端

<script setup>
import { ref } from 'vue';

const weather = ref('');
const MCP_URL = 'http://localhost:5000/mcp';
const TOKEN = 'your-secret-token-here';

const callMcp = async (method, params = {}) => {
  const response = await fetch(MCP_URL, {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      Authorization: `Bearer ${TOKEN}`,
    },
    body: JSON.stringify({
      jsonrpc: '2.0',
      id: Date.now(),
      method,
      params,
    }),
  });
  return response.json();
};

const getWeather = async () => {
  const data = await callMcp('tools/call', {
    name: 'GetWeatherForecast',
    arguments: {},
  });
  weather.value = data.result.content[0].text;
};
</script>

MCP Tools 最佳实践

让 AI 更准确地使用你的工具是成功的关键。以下是经过实践验证的最佳实践。

核心原则

AI 通过以下信息决定是否使用你的工具:

  1. 工具名称 - 清晰、描述性
  2. Description - 详细的功能说明
  3. 参数描述 - 明确的参数用途
  4. 使用场景 - 何时应该使用这个工具

1. 使用清晰的命名

//  不好 - 名称模糊
[McpServerTool]
public static string Get() { }

//  好 - 动词开头,描述清晰
[McpServerTool]
public static string GetWeatherForecast() { }

//  更好 - 包含具体信息
[McpServerTool]
public static string GetWeatherForecastForNextDays() { }

命名建议:

  • 使用动词开头:Get, Search, Calculate, Compare, Analyze
  • 包含操作对象:Weather, Temperature, Forecast
  • 避免缩写和简称
  • 使用 PascalCase

2. 编写详细的 Description(最重要!)

这是最关键的部分!AI 主要通过 Description 判断是否使用工具。

//  不好 - 太简短
[Description("Get weather")]

// ️ 一般 - 有基本信息但不够
[Description("Get weather forecast for the next 5 days")]

//  好 - 包含详细信息和使用场景
[Description(@"Get detailed weather forecast for the next several days including temperature, weather conditions, and trends.

Use this tool when users ask about:
- Future weather (tomorrow, next week, upcoming days)
- Weather predictions or forecasts
- Planning activities based on weather
- Temperature trends

Examples of user queries:
- 'What's the weather forecast for the next 5 days?'
- 'Will it rain this week?'
- 'What's the temperature trend?'")]

Description 应该包含:

  1. 功能说明 - 工具做什么
  2. 使用场景 - 何时使用("Use this tool when...")
  3. 示例查询 - 用户可能的提问方式
  4. 支持的功能 - 特殊能力或限制

3. 详细的参数描述

[McpServerTool]
public static string GetWeatherByCity(
    //  不好
    [Description("city")] string city,

    //  好
    [Description("The name of the city in English or Chinese (e.g., 'Beijing', '北京', 'Shanghai', 'New York')")]
    string city,

    //  更好 - 包含默认值说明
    [Description("Number of days to forecast (1-7 days). Default is 5 days if not specified.")]
    int days = 5
)

参数描述应该包含:

  • 参数的用途
  • 支持的格式或值范围
  • 示例值
  • 默认值(如果有)

4. 返回格式化、易读的结果

//  不好 - 返回原始对象
public static WeatherForecast GetWeather(string city)
{
    return new WeatherForecast { ... };
}

//  好 - 返回格式化的文本
public static string GetWeather(string city)
{
    var weather = GetWeatherData(city);

    return $@" Current Weather in {city}
 Date: {weather.Date:yyyy-MM-dd}
️ Temperature: {weather.TemperatureC}°C ({weather.TemperatureF}°F)
️ Conditions: {weather.Summary}
⏰ Updated: {DateTime.Now:HH:mm:ss}";
}

5. 完整示例:查询工具

[McpServerTool]
[Description(@"Get detailed weather forecast for the next several days including temperature, weather conditions, and trends.

Use this tool when users ask about:
- Future weather (tomorrow, next week, upcoming days)
- Weather predictions or forecasts
- Planning activities based on weather
- Temperature trends
- Weather conditions for travel planning

Examples of user queries:
- 'What's the weather forecast for the next 5 days?'
- 'Will it rain this week?'
- 'What's the temperature trend?'
- 'Should I bring a jacket tomorrow?'
- '未来几天天气怎么样?'
- '这周会下雨吗?'")]
public static string GetWeatherForecast(
    [Description("Number of days to forecast (1-7 days). Default is 5 days if not specified.")]
    int days = 5)
{
    var forecasts = GenerateForecasts(days);

    var result = new StringBuilder();
    result.AppendLine($"️ Weather Forecast for Next {days} Days");
    result.AppendLine();

    foreach (var forecast in forecasts)
    {
        result.AppendLine($" {forecast.Date:yyyy-MM-dd (ddd)}");
        result.AppendLine($"   ️ Temperature: {forecast.TemperatureC}°C ({forecast.TemperatureF}°F)");
        result.AppendLine($"   ️ Conditions: {forecast.Summary}");
        result.AppendLine();
    }

    return result.ToString();
}

6. 完整示例:比较工具

[McpServerTool]
[Description(@"Compare weather conditions between two cities to help with travel decisions or general comparison.

Use this tool when users want to:
- Compare weather between cities
- Decide which city has better weather
- Plan travel between cities
- Compare temperatures
- Choose destination based on weather

Examples of user queries:
- 'Compare weather between Beijing and Shanghai'
- 'Which city is warmer, Tokyo or Seoul?'
- 'Weather difference between New York and London'
- '北京和上海哪个城市天气更好?'
- '东京和首尔哪里更暖和?'")]
public static string CompareWeatherBetweenCities(
    [Description("First city name (English or Chinese)")] string city1,
    [Description("Second city name (English or Chinese)")] string city2)
{
    var weather1 = GetWeatherData(city1);
    var weather2 = GetWeatherData(city2);

    return $@" Weather Comparison

 {city1}:
   ️ Temperature: {weather1.TemperatureC}°C
   ️ Conditions: {weather1.Summary}

 {city2}:
   ️ Temperature: {weather2.TemperatureC}°C
   ️ Conditions: {weather2.Summary}

 Difference: {Math.Abs(weather1.TemperatureC - weather2.TemperatureC)}°C
{(weather1.TemperatureC > weather2.TemperatureC ? $" {city1} is warmer" : $" {city2} is warmer")}";
}

7. Description 模板

基础模板:

[Description(@"[简短功能说明]

Use this tool when users ask about:
- [使用场景1]
- [使用场景2]
- [使用场景3]

Examples of user queries:
- '[示例问题1]'
- '[示例问题2]'
- '[示例问题3]'")]

完整模板:

[Description(@"[详细功能说明,包括返回的数据类型和格式]

Use this tool when users want to:
- [使用场景1]
- [使用场景2]
- [使用场景3]

Supports:
- [支持的功能1]
- [支持的功能2]

Examples of user queries:
- '[英文示例1]'
- '[英文示例2]'
- '[中文示例1]'
- '[中文示例2]'

Note: [特殊说明或限制]")]

8. 优化检查清单

在发布工具前,检查以下项目:

  • 工具名称清晰、描述性强
  • Description 包含详细功能说明
  • Description 包含使用场景("Use this tool when...")
  • Description 包含示例查询
  • 所有参数都有详细描述
  • 参数描述包含示例值
  • 返回值格式化、易读
  • 包含错误处理
  • 支持多语言(如果需要)
  • 在 MCP Inspector 中测试通过
  • 在 AI 客户端中测试通过

高级特性

依赖注入支持

工具方法可以注入服务:

[McpServerTool]
[Description("Get weather with logging")]
public static string GetWeatherWithLogging(
    ILogger<WeatherTools> logger,
    IWeatherService weatherService,
    string city)
{
    logger.LogInformation("Getting weather for {City}", city);
    return weatherService.GetWeather(city);
}

添加 Prompts

[McpServerPromptType]
public static class WeatherPrompts
{
    [McpServerPrompt]
    [Description("Creates a prompt to help plan outdoor activities based on weather")]
    public static ChatMessage PlanOutdoorActivity(
        [Description("The city name")] string city,
        [Description("The activity type")] string activity)
    {
        return new ChatMessage(
            ChatRole.User,
            $@"I want to plan a {activity} activity in {city}.
            Please check the weather forecast and suggest the best day and time.
            Consider temperature, conditions, and provide detailed recommendations."
        );
    }
}

复杂参数类型

SDK 自动支持:

  • 基本类型:string, int, bool, double
  • 复杂对象:自动序列化/反序列化
  • 可选参数:使用默认值
  • 数组和集合

故障排除

工具未被发现

检查项:

  • 类是否有 [McpServerToolType] 特性
  • 方法是否有 [McpServerTool] 特性
  • 类是否是静态的
  • 是否重启了应用

认证失败

检查项:

  • Token 是否正确
  • appsettings.jsonEnabled 设置
  • Authorization header 格式
  • 环境配置(Development vs Production)

CORS 问题

Program.cs 中添加 CORS 支持:

builder.Services.AddCors(options =>
{
    options.AddPolicy("AllowMcpClients", policy =>
    {
        policy.WithOrigins("http://localhost:3000")
              .AllowAnyHeader()
              .AllowAnyMethod();
    });
});

app.UseCors("AllowMcpClients");

项目结构

NetCoreApiMcpDemo/
├── Controllers/
│   └── WeatherForecastController.cs  # 标准 WebApi 控制器
├── Tools/
│   └── WeatherTools.cs                # MCP 工具定义
├── Middleware/
│   └── McpAuthenticationMiddleware.cs # 认证中间件
├── Program.cs                          # 应用配置
├── appsettings.json                    # 配置文件
└── appsettings.Development.json        # 开发配置

为什么选择官方 SDK?

  1. 代码更少:无需自定义特性和提供者
  2. 更可靠:官方维护和更新
  3. 更强大:自动 Schema、DI 支持
  4. 更标准:完全符合 MCP 规范
  5. 更易维护:无需维护自定义代码

总结

通过本文,我们学习了如何在 ASP.NET Core WebApi 中集成 MCP 协议支持。使用官方 SDK,只需几行代码就能让你的 API 被 AI 客户端调用。MCP 协议的标准化特性,让 AI 应用与后端服务的集成变得前所未有的简单。

参考资源

  • MCP 官方文档
  • MCP C# SDK
  • MCP 规范
  • NuGet 包
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